Contract

Only parties to a contract can enforce it, but the 1999 Act grants third-party rights in certain cases. Agency law determines how principals and agents affect third-party contractual relations.

An equitable doctrine preventing a promisor from retracting a clear promise to forgo a legal right where the promisee has relied on it — operating as a shield, not a sword.

Consideration is the 'price' that makes a promise legally binding. This note covers sufficiency, past consideration, existing duty rules, part payment, and promissory estoppel with leading cases.

English law requires parties to intend legal relations for a contract to bind them. Domestic agreements are presumed non-binding; commercial agreements carry a strong presumption of legal force — both rebuttable on the facts.

Acceptance requires final, unqualified assent to an offer's exact terms. This note covers the postal rule, counter-offers, battle of the forms, silence, and acceptance in unilateral contracts with leading English cases.

An offer under English contract law can be terminated by revocation, rejection, or lapse of time. Covers key rules on communication of revocation, counter-offers, and unilateral contracts with leading case authorities.

Covers the essential elements of a binding contract under English law, focusing on offer versus invitation to treat, bilateral and unilateral contracts, auctions, and tenders.